ETFs have rightfully earned the approval of countless buy-and-hold investors, as these financial vehicles have proven to be cost-efficient portfolio building blocks.
With over 1,600 exchange-traded products on the market, it’s no surprise that more tactical investors and savvy traders have also embraced these instruments for their ease of use, transparency, and unparalleled liquidity. ETFs can do a lot more than offer diversified exposure; these funds can be effective in executing both simple and sophisticated hedging strategies, helping to improve a portfolio’s risk-adjusted returns [see 101 ETF Lessons Every Financial Advisor Should Learn].
ETF Hedging Advantages
Hedging is using one investment to help offset the risk of another. This strategy, when done properly, can greatly reduce susceptibility to market fluctuations and adverse price moves. In order for a hedge to work, the “hedged” assets should move in different directions—when one falls the other rises—netting out the fluctuation. Such strategies are effective when investors are unsure of the direction of the market, but don’t want to sell their portfolio, or when they wish to reduce the overall risk of their portfolio.
ETPs trade like stocks, but mimic the movements of all sorts of asset classes, sectors, indexes and strategies, making them ideal candidates for hedging. ETPs are cost effective as there are no “load” fees (common in mutual funds), and stock exchange liquidity provides an easy way to enter and exit positions [see 10 Questions About ETFs You’ve Been Too Afraid To Ask].
Asset Class Hedging
Building a diversified portfolio without the use of ETFs can be problematic for small investors. ETPs provide access to multiple assets and asset classes, which can be combined to create a more balanced portfolio.
For example, if you already own a portfolio of single stocks, you can easily buy a bond ETF, such as Barclays 20 Year Treasury Bond Fund (TLT ), or the iBoxx $ Investment Grade Corporate Bond Fund (LQD ), to add bond exposure.
Bonds and stocks move together at times, thus several commodity ETFs, or a single diversified-commodity ETF, can further hedge against adverse moves in a portfolio. The DB Commodity Index Tracking Fund (DBC ), for example, reflects the average movement of 14 of the most heavily-traded global commodities, while DB Agricultural Fund (DBA ) tracks the most widely-traded agricultural commodities. Both funds provide significant exposure to commodity markets with one transaction.
Figure 1. below shows the percentage price movements of the SPDR S&P 500 (SPY ), which reflects stock performance, as well as TLT and DBA. While at times they move together, over a two-year period they work to balance each other out; holding all three results in fewer significant fluctuations than holding only one.
Stock Hedging
Hedging a specific stock position has become a lot easier with the advent of “sector ETFs”. Stocks are categorized into sectors, and each sector now has a highly liquid ETF that tracks its performance. Use these ETFs to hedge stock positions within your portfolio.
Assume you have a significant position in Apple (AAPL), Google (GOOG) or Cisco Systems (CSCO), or any other technology sector stock. If you still like the stock and don’t want to sell it, but you’re worried about a short-term pullback (or just want to reduce the volatility of the position) short-sell or buy put options on the Technology Select Sector SPDR (XLK ). If your tech stock declines, it is quite likely the sector ETF will also decline, making you money on your short position and offsetting the loss on your long stock position [see How To Swing Trade ETFs].
The strategy can be applied to nearly any stock that has some correlation with its sector, as there is a sector ETF that tracks almost every stock: see the complete Sector ETF List.
Even though a stock is part of a sector, it may not always move with the sector. In this case, the “long stock-short ETF” strategy may not effectively hedge the position.
Inflation Hedging
Inflation is a cause for concern among investors; it dwindles their buying power and their stock returns may not compensate for it. Since inflation is an increase in prices, many commodities appreciate during inflationary times. Therefore, investors can buy commodities as a hedge against inflation—the rise in commodity prices is likely to fully or partially offset the loss in purchasing power. Research by AllianceBernstein, indicates “published spot commodity prices date back at least to the 1800s and confirm that on average, commodity prices appreciate in line with broad inflation measures."
Precious metals are a common selection, and the SPDR Gold Shares (GLD ) and iShares Silver Trust (SLV ) give investors easy access to the commodities. An alternative is the DB Base Metals Fund (DBB ), which provides exposure to copper, zinc and aluminum, all widely used in various industries. The fund is likely to rise under inflationary pressures, with a decline signifying little inflation pressure.
Investors can also short a bond fund in an attempt to compensate for inflation. Bond prices fall as interest rates and inflation rises; therefore, shorting a fund such as the Core Total U.S. Bond Market ETF (AGG ) can compensate investors when inflation begins to rise aggressively [see Better-Than-AGG Total Bond Market ETF Database Portfolio].
Buying the Barclays TIPS Bond Fund (TIP ) can also offset inflation, as the fund is designed to protect investors from inflation. TIP invests in Treasuries that rise and fall with the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Since Treasuries pay less interest than traditional corporate bonds, the fund is likely to act as a partial hedge, not entirely compensating investors for the rise in real prices (inflation) they are experiencing.
Currency Hedging
Currency exposure can also be hedged using ETFs. Non-U.S. investments (or an investment outside of your own home currency) create an additional element of risk: currency fluctuations.
Assume you’re a U.S. investor and buy a stock listed in Canada; your stock return is not only determined by the performance of the stock, but also the performance of the USD/CAD currency exchange rate. If the U.S. dollar (USD) appreciates, it will hurt your stock return, since when you convert your proceeds from the Canadian stock back into U.S. dollars, you will need to pay more for those U.S. dollars [see How To Invest Overseas Without Currency Risk].
If the USD depreciates, it helps your stock return—either to offset the capital losses or to add to the capital gain of the stock. Therefore, a hedge is really only needed to compensate you (hedge) for a rally in the USD; if you think your foreign currency will appreciate (USD depreciates), it makes sense to avoid hedging.
When you buy a foreign asset, you’re buying that foreign currency as well, and selling U.S. dollars. Therefore, you need to buy an equivalent amount of USD—which can be done through an ETF—to help net out the foreign currency fluctuation. In this case, you could short-sell the CurrencyShares Canadian Dollar Trust (FXC ), which means you are effectively selling your Canadian dollar exposure, and buying your USD back.
A more general strategy is to buy the DB USD Index Bullish (UUP ), which simulates being long USD future contracts, versus a basket of currencies; this is effective if you have multiple assets in different currencies around the globe and want to hedge with one transaction.
Currency ETFs are available for commonly traded currencies: see non-leverage currency ETFs. Investors should also take a look at the expanding lineup of currency-hedged ETFs, which provide exposure to foreign equities while hedging against adverse currency movements.
The Bottom Line
In addition to serving as portfolio building blocks, ETFs are effective hedging vehicles for those looking to tame volatility, guard against inflation, net out foreign currency risk, or simply take advantage of a timely opportunity in the market.
Disclosure: No positions at time of writing.
